Knowledge Base

title: "Delirium"

Delirium

Key Facts

Delirium is an acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness with additional cognitive change due to an underlying medical cause.

Hypoactive delirium is common and easily missed; the key bedside feature is inattention.

Overview

This article covers recognition, assessment, and first-line management principles.

Recognition

  • Acute onset (hours–days) and fluctuating course
  • Inattention (difficulty sustaining focus)
  • Altered level of consciousness and disorganised thinking

Initial assessment (high level)

  • ABCs and time-critical causes (hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, sepsis, intracranial event)
  • Review medications (sedatives, anticholinergics, opioids) and consider withdrawal
  • Look for common precipitants: pain, urinary retention, constipation, dehydration

Management principles (high level)

  • Treat underlying cause(s) and optimise physiology
  • Non-pharmacological measures: reorientation, sleep-wake cycle, mobilise, hydration/nutrition, glasses/hearing aids, family support where possible
  • Avoid benzodiazepines unless treating alcohol/benzodiazepine withdrawal; if medication is required for severe agitation, follow local policy and use the lowest effective dose

Sources

  • Australian Delirium Clinical Care Standard (ACSQHC)
  • CC Bible
  • DSM-5

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Related Topics

See also: The Deteriorating Patient & ABCDE Approach, Sepsis & Septic Shock, Approach to the Poisoned Patient